Cpia2
Cpia2 is the second generation video coprocessor from VLSI Vision Ltd (now a division of STMicroelectronics).
Introduction
The following documentation is from the 2.6.16 kernel submission patch, lightly amended for consistency.
Overview
(Documentation/video4linux/cpia2_overview.txt)
There are two versions of the chipset:
- The first is the STV0672, which is capable of up to 30 frames per second (fps) in frame sizes up to CIF, and 15 fps for VGA frames.
- The STV0676 is an improved version, which can handle up to 30 fps VGA.
Both coprocessors can be attached to two CMOS sensors - the vvl6410 CIF sensor and the vvl6500 VGA sensor. These will be referred to as the 410 and the 500 sensors, or the CIF and VGA sensors.
The two chipsets operate almost identically. The core is an 8051 processor, running two different versions of firmware. The 672 runs the VP4 video processor code, the 676 runs VP5. There are a few differences in register mappings for the two chips. In these cases, the symbols defined in the header files are marked with VP4 or VP5 as part of the symbol name.
The cameras appear externally as three sets of registers. Setting register values is the only way to control the camera. Some settings are interdependant, such as the sequence required to power up the camera. I will try to make note of all of these cases.
The register sets are called blocks. Block 0 is the system block. This section is always powered on when the camera is plugged in. It contains registers that control housekeeping functions such as powering up the video processor. The video processor is the VP block. These registers control how the video from the sensor is processed. Examples are timing registers, user mode (vga, qvga), scaling, cropping, framerates, and so on. The last block is the video compressor (VC). The video stream sent from the camera is compressed as Motion JPEG (JPEGA). The VC controls all of the compression parameters. Looking at the file cpia2_registers.h, you can get a full view of these registers and the possible values for most of them.
One or more registers can be set or read by sending a usb control message to the camera. There are three modes for this. Block mode requests a number of contiguous registers. Random mode reads or writes random registers with a tuple structure containing address/value pairs. The repeat mode is only used by VP4 to load a firmware patch. It contains a starting address and a sequence of bytes to be written into a gpio port.
The CPIA2 driver
(Documentation/video4linux/README.cpia2, lightly amended)
This is a driver for STMicroelectronics's CPiA2 (second generation Colour Processor Interface ASIC) based cameras. This camera outputs an MJPEG stream at up to vga size. It implements the Video4Linux interface as much as possible. Since the V4L interface does not support compressed formats, only an mjpeg enabled application can be used with the camera. We have modified the gqcam application to view this stream.
The driver is implemented as two kernel modules. The cpia2 module contains the camera functions and the V4L interface. The cpia2_usb module contains usb specific functions. The main reason for this was the size of the module was getting out of hand, so I separated them. It is not likely that there will be a parallel port version.
Features
- Supports cameras with the Vision stv6410 (CIF) and stv6500 (VGA) cmos sensors. I only have the vga sensor, so can't test the other.
- Image formats: VGA, QVGA, CIF, QCIF, and a number of sizes in between. VGA and QVGA are the native image sizes for the VGA camera. CIF is done in the coprocessor by scaling QVGA. All other sizes are done by clipping.
- Palette: YCrCb, compressed with MJPEG.
- Some compression parameters are settable.
- Sensor framerate is adjustable (up to 30 fps CIF, 15 fps VGA).
- Adjust brightness, color, contrast while streaming.
- Flicker control settable for 50 or 60 Hz mains frequency.
Making and installing the driver modules
Requirements
The 2.6 driver is stripped of the 2.4 back compatibility and old MJPEG ioctl API. See cpia2.sf.net for 2.4 support; the driver there should work with 2.4.23 and later.
Video4Linux must be either compiled into the kernel or available as a module. Video4Linux2 is automatically detected and made available at compile time.
Setup
It is recommended you build the driver as a module. Use 'modprobe cpia2' to load and 'modprobe -r cpia2' to unload. This may be done automatically by your distribution.
Module loading options
| Option | Description |
|---|---|
| video_nr | video device to register (0=/dev/video0, etc.) range -1 to 64. Default is -1 (first available). |
| buffer_size | Size for each frame buffer in bytes (default 68k) |
| num_buffers | Number of frame buffers (1-32, default 3) |
| alternate | USB Alternate (2-7, default 7) |
| flicker_freq | Frequency for flicker reduction (50 or 60, default 60) |
| flicker_mode | 0 to disable, or 1 to enable flicker reduction (default 0). This is effective only if the camera has a stv0672 coprocessor. |
Setting the options
If you are using modules, edit /etc/modules.conf and add an options line like this:
options cpia2 num_buffers=3 buffer_size=65535
If the driver is compiled into the kernel, at boot time specify them like this:
cpia2=num_buffers:3,buffer_size:65535
What buffer size should I use?
The maximum image size depends on the alternate you choose, and the frame rate achieved by the camera. If the compression engine is able to keep up with the frame rate, the maximum image size is given by the table below.
The compression engine starts out at maximum compression, and will increase image quality until it is close to the size in the table. As long as the compression engine can keep up with the frame rate, after a short time the images will all be about the size in the table, regardless of resolution.
At low alternate settings, the compression engine may not be able to compress the image enough and will reduce the frame rate by producing larger images.
The default of 68k should be good for most users. This will handle any alternate at frame rates down to 15fps. For lower frame rates, it may be necessary to increase the buffer size to avoid having frames dropped due to insufficient space.
| Image size (bytes) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Alternate | bytes/ms | 15fps | 30fps |
| 2 | 128 | 8533 | 4267 |
| 3 | 384 | 25600 | 12800 |
| 4 | 640 | 42667 | 21333 |
| 5 | 768 | 51200 | 25600 |
| 6 | 896 | 59733 | 29867 |
| 7 | 1023 | 68200 | 34100 |
How many buffers should I use?
For normal streaming, 3 should give the best results. With only 2, it is possible for the camera to finish sending one image just after a program has started reading the other. If this happens, the driver must drop a frame. The exception to this is if you have a heavily loaded machine. In this case use 2 buffers. You are probably not reading at the full frame rate. If the camera can send multiple images before a read finishes, it could overwrite the third buffer before the read finishes, leading to a corrupt image. Single and double buffering have extra checks to avoid overwriting.
Using the camera
We are providing a modified gqcam application to view the output. In order to avoid confusion, here it is called mview. There is also the qx5view program which can also control the lights on the qx5 microscope. MJPEG Tools (http://mjpeg.sourceforge.net) can also be used to record from the camera.
Thanks and credits
- Peter Pregler <Peter_Pregler@email.com>,
- Scott J. Bertin <scottbertin@yahoo.com>, and
- Jarl Totland <Jarl.Totland@bdc.no> for the original cpia driver, which this one was modelled from.