Some video capture devices can sample a subsection of a picture and shrink or enlarge it to an image of arbitrary size. Next, the devices can insert the image into larger one. Some video output devices can crop part of an input image, scale it up or down and insert it at an arbitrary scan line and horizontal offset into a video signal. We call these abilities cropping, scaling and composing.
On a video capture device the source is a video signal, and the cropping target determine the area actually sampled. The sink is an image stored in a memory buffer. The composing area specifies which part of the buffer is actually written to by the hardware.
On a video output device the source is an image in a memory buffer, and the cropping target is a part of an image to be shown on a display. The sink is the display or the graphics screen. The application may select the part of display where the image should be displayed. The size and position of such a window is controlled by the compose target.
Rectangles for all cropping and composing targets are defined even if the device does supports neither cropping nor composing. Their size and position will be fixed in such a case. If the device does not support scaling then the cropping and composing rectangles have the same size.
Applications can use the selection API to select an area in a video signal or a buffer, and to query for default settings and hardware limits.
Video hardware can have various cropping, composing and scaling limitations. It may only scale up or down, support only discrete scaling factors, or have different scaling abilities in the horizontal and vertical directions. Also it may not support scaling at all. At the same time the cropping/composing rectangles may have to be aligned, and both the source and the sink may have arbitrary upper and lower size limits. Therefore, as usual, drivers are expected to adjust the requested parameters and return the actual values selected. An application can control the rounding behaviour using constraint flags .
See figure Figure 1.2, “Cropping and composing targets” for examples of the selection targets available for a video capture device. It is recommended to configure the cropping targets before to the composing targets.
The range of coordinates of the top left corner, width and height of
areas that can be sampled is given by the V4L2_SEL_TGT_CROP_BOUNDS
target. It is recommended for the driver developers to put the
top/left corner at position (0,0). The rectangle's
coordinates are expressed in pixels.
The top left corner, width and height of the source rectangle, that is
the area actually sampled, is given by the V4L2_SEL_TGT_CROP
target. It uses the same coordinate system as V4L2_SEL_TGT_CROP_BOUNDS.
The active cropping area must lie completely inside the capture boundaries. The
driver may further adjust the requested size and/or position according to hardware
limitations.
Each capture device has a default source rectangle, given by the
V4L2_SEL_TGT_CROP_DEFAULT target. This rectangle shall
over what the driver writer considers the complete picture. Drivers shall set
the active crop rectangle to the default when the driver is first loaded, but
not later.
The composing targets refer to a memory buffer. The limits of composing
coordinates are obtained using V4L2_SEL_TGT_COMPOSE_BOUNDS.
All coordinates are expressed in pixels. The rectangle's top/left
corner must be located at position (0,0). The width and
height are equal to the image size set by VIDIOC_S_FMT.
The part of a buffer into which the image is inserted by the hardware is
controlled by the V4L2_SEL_TGT_COMPOSE target.
The rectangle's coordinates are also expressed in the same coordinate system as
the bounds rectangle. The composing rectangle must lie completely inside bounds
rectangle. The driver must adjust the composing rectangle to fit to the
bounding limits. Moreover, the driver can perform other adjustments according
to hardware limitations. The application can control rounding behaviour using
constraint flags.
For capture devices the default composing rectangle is queried using
V4L2_SEL_TGT_COMPOSE_DEFAULT. It is usually equal to the
bounding rectangle.
The part of a buffer that is modified by the hardware is given by
V4L2_SEL_TGT_COMPOSE_PADDED. It contains all pixels
defined using V4L2_SEL_TGT_COMPOSE plus all
padding data modified by hardware during insertion process. All pixels outside
this rectangle must not be changed by the hardware. The
content of pixels that lie inside the padded area but outside active area is
undefined. The application can use the padded and active rectangles to detect
where the rubbish pixels are located and remove them if needed.
For output devices targets and ioctls are used similarly to the video capture case. The composing rectangle refers to the insertion of an image into a video signal. The cropping rectangles refer to a memory buffer. It is recommended to configure the composing targets before to the cropping targets.
The cropping targets refer to the memory buffer that contains an image to
be inserted into a video signal or graphical screen. The limits of cropping
coordinates are obtained using V4L2_SEL_TGT_CROP_BOUNDS.
All coordinates are expressed in pixels. The top/left corner is always point
(0,0). The width and height is equal to the image size
specified using VIDIOC_S_FMT ioctl.
The top left corner, width and height of the source rectangle, that is
the area from which image date are processed by the hardware, is given by the
V4L2_SEL_TGT_CROP. Its coordinates are expressed
in in the same coordinate system as the bounds rectangle. The active cropping
area must lie completely inside the crop boundaries and the driver may further
adjust the requested size and/or position according to hardware
limitations.
For output devices the default cropping rectangle is queried using
V4L2_SEL_TGT_CROP_DEFAULT. It is usually equal to the
bounding rectangle.
The part of a video signal or graphics display where the image is
inserted by the hardware is controlled by V4L2_SEL_TGT_COMPOSE
target. The rectangle's coordinates are expressed in pixels. The composing
rectangle must lie completely inside the bounds rectangle. The driver must
adjust the area to fit to the bounding limits. Moreover, the driver can
perform other adjustments according to hardware limitations.
The device has a default composing rectangle, given by the
V4L2_SEL_TGT_COMPOSE_DEFAULT target. This rectangle shall cover what
the driver writer considers the complete picture. It is recommended for the
driver developers to put the top/left corner at position (0,0).
Drivers shall set the active composing rectangle to the default
one when the driver is first loaded.
The devices may introduce additional content to video signal other than
an image from memory buffers. It includes borders around an image. However,
such a padded area is driver-dependent feature not covered by this document.
Driver developers are encouraged to keep padded rectangle equal to active one.
The padded target is accessed by the V4L2_SEL_TGT_COMPOSE_PADDED
identifier. It must contain all pixels from the V4L2_SEL_TGT_COMPOSE
target.
An application can detect if scaling is performed by comparing the width
and the height of rectangles obtained using V4L2_SEL_TGT_CROP
and V4L2_SEL_TGT_COMPOSE targets. If
these are not equal then the scaling is applied. The application can compute
the scaling ratios using these values.
The selection API was introduced to cope with deficiencies of previous
API, that was designed to control simple capture
devices. Later the cropping API was adopted by video output drivers. The ioctls
are used to select a part of the display were the video signal is inserted. It
should be considered as an API abuse because the described operation is
actually the composing. The selection API makes a clear distinction between
composing and cropping operations by setting the appropriate targets. The V4L2
API lacks any support for composing to and cropping from an image inside a
memory buffer. The application could configure a capture device to fill only a
part of an image by abusing V4L2 API. Cropping a smaller image from a larger
one is achieved by setting the field
struct v4l2_pix_format::bytesperline. Introducing an image offsets
could be done by modifying field struct v4l2_buffer::m_userptr
before calling VIDIOC_QBUF. Those
operations should be avoided because they are not portable (endianness), and do
not work for macroblock and Bayer formats and mmap buffers. The selection API
deals with configuration of buffer cropping/composing in a clear, intuitive and
portable way. Next, with the selection API the concepts of the padded target
and constraints flags are introduced. Finally, struct v4l2_crop and struct v4l2_cropcap
have no reserved fields. Therefore there is no way to extend their functionality.
The new struct v4l2_selection provides a lot of place for future
extensions. Driver developers are encouraged to implement only selection API.
The former cropping API would be simulated using the new one.
Example 1.15. Resetting the cropping parameters
(A video capture device is assumed; change
V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE for other devices; change target to
V4L2_SEL_TGT_COMPOSE_* family to configure composing
area)
struct v4l2_selection sel = { .type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPTURE, .target = V4L2_SEL_TGT_CROP_DEFAULT, }; ret = ioctl(fd,VIDIOC_G_SELECTION, &sel); if (ret) exit(-1); sel.target = V4L2_SEL_TGT_CROP; ret = ioctl(fd,VIDIOC_S_SELECTION, &sel); if (ret) exit(-1);
Example 1.16. Simple downscaling
Setting a composing area on output of size of at most half of limit placed at a center of a display.
struct v4l2_selection sel = { .type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_OUTPUT, .target = V4L2_SEL_TGT_COMPOSE_BOUNDS, }; struct v4l2_rect r; ret = ioctl(fd,VIDIOC_G_SELECTION, &sel); if (ret) exit(-1); /* setting smaller compose rectangle */ r.width = sel.r.width / 2; r.height = sel.r.height / 2; r.left = sel.r.width / 4; r.top = sel.r.height / 4; sel.r = r; sel.target = V4L2_SEL_TGT_COMPOSE; sel.flags = V4L2_SEL_FLAG_LE; ret = ioctl(fd,VIDIOC_S_SELECTION, &sel); if (ret) exit(-1);
Example 1.17. Querying for scaling factors
A video output device is assumed; change
V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_OUTPUT for other devices
struct v4l2_selection compose = { .type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_OUTPUT, .target = V4L2_SEL_TGT_COMPOSE, }; struct v4l2_selection crop = { .type = V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_OUTPUT, .target = V4L2_SEL_TGT_CROP, }; double hscale, vscale; ret = ioctl(fd,VIDIOC_G_SELECTION, &compose); if (ret) exit(-1); ret = ioctl(fd,VIDIOC_G_SELECTION, &crop); if (ret) exit(-1); /* computing scaling factors */ hscale = (double)compose.r.width / crop.r.width; vscale = (double)compose.r.height / crop.r.height;