Firmware
Firmware is specialised software that is both specific to some hardware and also integral for its proper functioning.
Modern chipsets have seen more and more functionality moved from fixed-function implementations in silicon to firmware or software. Consequently, in some respects, these chips behave more like a generic microcontroller or DSP that executes the firmware and then performs the tasks according to the firmware's programming.
One of the major advantages held by chipset implementations that employ the use of a firmware is that 'bugs' can be corrected later on upon discovery; which, in the case of fixed-function silicon, is something that is impossible to do without a design & fabrication revision.
Some drawbacks of the firmware approach for a chipset are:
- such solutions may consume more power than what an optimized fixed-function chip design would
- different firmware revisions can cause completely different behaviour of the chips
- the fact that the use of firmware lends itself towards permitting future 'bug fixes' has, in the case of some vendors, the negative consequence/effect that early firmware revisions are rarely usable. In contrast, fixed-function hardware is usually more carefully designed.
If you are a vendor or chipset manufacturer and are interested on having your firmware distributed with Linux, you should know how to submit a firmware.
Firmware Auto-loading
For those devices that do require a firmware, most people would like their system to load it at boot time or when the applicable driver module is loaded. This can be done easily using hotplug. By placing a copy of the firmware file in /lib/firmware (location where unchanged udev will look) or /usr/lib/hotplug/firmware/ (the location will depend of your distro / hotplug version), when the appropriate driver module is loaded, the firmware file should be automatically loaded as well.
it would be nice to have some words explaining the linux firmware loader stuff. contributors?
Acquiring the Firmware
In order for the automagic firmware loading, described in the above section, to occur, it should be obvious that one first needs to be in possession of the desired firmware.
1. The get_dvb_firmware perl script (which is distributed along with kernel source) supports the downloading and extraction of several popular firmware. One need just run:
# perl /usr/src/linux/Documentation/dvb/get_dvb_firmware xxxxx
where xxxxx is one of script supported ICs such as sp8870/sp887x/tda10045/tda10046/av7110/dec2000t/dec2540t/dec3000s/vp7041/dibusb etc etc. Note that above command will place the downloaded file and extracted firmware in the current directory. Copy the firmware (as describe in the section above) to the correct location expected by your disto's hotplug system.
2. Some distributions like Ubuntu have packaged some of these firmwares into a package like "linux-firmware-nonfree". Try
sudo apt-get install linux-firmware-nonfree
3. Similarly, there are perl scripts for extracting the firmware necessary for recent Xceive tuners:
4. In addition to the above, the following sites host various device firmware files:
- http://linuxtv.org/downloads/firmware/
- http://thadathil.net:8000/dvb/fw/ ... link is likely dead; see next link instead
- http://abraham.manu.googlepages.com/fw.tar.bz2
- http://www.chandlerfamily.org.uk/files/firmware/
5. In other cases, where you can't find a raw firmware file for your device, you may have to resort to manual extraction from a Windows driver file; see "How to extract a firmware".
There's a list of the firmwares used on the kernel drivers, and where they are available.